Ukukhutshwa kwe-Fugitive Emissions kunye noVavanyo lwe-API yeeVavu

Jonga umfanekiso oMkhulu
Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo ziigesi eziphilayo ezivuzayo ezivuza kwiivalvu ezicinezelekileyo.Oku kukhutshwayo kunokuthi kwenzeke ngengozi, ngenxa yokuguquka kwamanzi okanye ngenxa yeevalvu ezingalunganga.

Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezikhutshwayo azibangeli umonakalo ebantwini nakwimekobume nje kuphela kodwa zikwabeka isoyikiso kwingeniso.Ngokuchanabeka ixesha elide kwiikhompawundi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, abantu banokuba nezigulo ezinzulu zomzimba.Oku kuquka abasebenzi kwizityalo ezithile okanye abantu abahlala kufutshane.

Eli nqaku libonelela ngolwazi malunga nendlela ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezenzeka ngayo.Oku kuya kujongana novavanyo lwe-API kunye nento ekufuneka yenziwe ukunciphisa iziphumo zeengxaki zokuvuza okunjalo.

Imithombo yoKhuselo lokuFugitive

Iivalvu zezona zinto ziPhakamisayo zokuKhutshwa kweMisi
Iivalvu zemizi-mveliso kunye namalungu ayo, rhoqo, awona nobangela uphambili wokukhutshelwa kwemizi-mveliso.Iivalvu zomgca ezifana neglowubhu kunye neevalvu zesango zezona ntlobo zevalvu zixhaphakileyo eziqhelene nemeko.

Ezi zivalo zisebenzisa isiqu esinyukayo okanye esijikelezayo ukuvala nokuvala.Ezi ndlela zivelisa ukukhuhlana okungakumbi.Ngaphaya koko, amalungu adityaniswe neegaskets kunye neenkqubo zokupakisha zizinto eziqhelekileyo apho ukukhutshwa okunjalo kwenzeka.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iivalvu ezinqamlekileyo zineendleko eziphezulu, zisetyenziswa rhoqo kunezinye iindidi.Oku kwenza ezi zivalo zibe yimpikiswano ngokunxulumene nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Izikhondo zeValve ziFaka kwiMigxobhozo eBalekayo

Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezikhutshwayo eziphuma kwizikhondo zevalvu zimalunga nama-60% ezinto ezikhutshwayo zizonke ezinikwe ngumzi-mveliso othile.Oku kuqukwe kuphononongo olwenziwe yiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia.Itotali yenani leziqu zevalvu zivela kwipesenti enkulu ekhankanywe kuphononongo.

Ukupakishwa kweValve kunokuthi kube negalelo ekukhutshweni kwezinto ezikhutshwayo

Ubunzima bokulawula izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo bukwalele ekupakisheni.Ngelixa uninzi lokupakisha lunamathela kwaye lugqithise umgangatho we-API 622 ngexesha lovavanyo, uninzi luyasilela ngexesha lemeko yangempela.Ngoba?Ukupakishwa kwenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kumzimba wevalvu.

Kusenokubakho umahluko omncinane kwimilinganiselo phakathi kokupakisha kunye nevalve.Oku kunokukhokelela ekuvuzeni.Eminye imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ecaleni kwemilinganiselo ibandakanya ukufaneleka kunye nokugqiba kwevalve.

Iindlela ezizezinye kwiPetroleum nazo ziziGqeba

Ukukhutshwa kwe-Fugitive akwenzeki kuphela ngexesha lokulungiswa kweegesi kwiplanti yoshishino.Ngapha koko, ukukhutshwa kwerhasi kwenzeka kuyo yonke imijikelo yokuveliswa kwegesi.

Ngokuka A Close Look at Fugitive Methane Emissions from Natural Gas, "ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yendalo kuninzi kwaye kwenzeka kuwo onke amanqanaba omjikelo wobomi berhasi yendalo, ukusuka ekuvelisweni kwangaphambili ngemveliso, ukusetyenzwa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusasazwa."

Yeyiphi iMigangatho ye-API eKhethekileyo yokuKhutshwa kweMishini yokuFuduka?

I-American Petroleum Institute (API) yenye yeebhodi ezilawulayo ezibonelela ngemigangatho yegesi yendalo kunye namashishini e-oyile.Eyenziwe kwi-1919, imigangatho ye-API yenye yezikhokelo ezikhokelayo kuyo yonke into enxulumene namashishini epetrochemical.Ngaphezulu kwemigangatho ye-700, i-API isandul 'ukubonelela ngemigangatho ethile yokukhupha i-emissions ehambelana neevalve kunye nokupakishwa kwazo.

Ngelixa kukho uvavanyo lokukhupha olukhoyo, eyona migangatho yamkelweyo yovavanyo yileyo iphantsi kwe-API.Nazi iinkcazo ezineenkcukacha ze-API 622, i-API 624 kunye ne-API 641.

API 622

Oku kubizwa ngenye indlela i-API 622 yoHlobo loVavanyo lweNkqubo yokuPakisha iValve yoKhuselo lokuFugitive

Lo ngumgangatho we-API wokupakishwa kwevalve kwiivalvu ezivaliweyo ezinokunyuka okanye ezijikelezayo.

Oku kugqiba ukuba ukupakishwa kunokuthintela ukukhutshwa kweegesi.Kukho iindawo ezine zovavanyo:
1. Ingakanani ireyithi yokuvuza
2. Ikwazi ukumelana nevalve ekudlekeni
3. Ziziphi izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukupakisha
4. Yintoni uvandlakanyo lwe-oxidation

Uvavanyo, kunye nopapasho lwalo lwamva nje luka-2011 kwaye lusephantsi kohlaziyo, lubandakanya imijikelo ye-1,510 yoomatshini kunye nemijikelo ye-5000F ye-ambient ye-thermal kunye ne-600 ye-psig yoxinzelelo lokusebenza.

Imijikelo yoomatshini ithetha ukuvuleka okupheleleyo ukuya ekuvaleni ngokupheleleyo kwevalve.Ngeli xesha, ukuvuza kwegesi yovavanyo kuhlolwa ngamaxesha.

Olunye uhlaziyo lwamva nje lwe-API 622 Uvavanyo ngumba we-API 602 kunye ne-603 valves.Ezi zivalo zinevalve yokupakisha emxinwa kwaye bezisoloko zingaphumeleli kwiimvavanyo ze-API 622.Ukuvuza okuvumelekileyo ngamalungu angama-500 ngesigidi sevolumu (ppmv).

API 624

Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-API 624 yoHlobo loVavanyo lwe-Rising Stem Valve exhotyiswe ngeFlexible Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emissions Standard.Lo mgangatho zithini iimfuno zovavanyo lokuphuma kwembacu kuzo zombini izikhondo ezinyukayo nezijikelezayo.Ezi zivalo ze-stem kufuneka zibandakanye ukupakisha esele idlulile i-API Standard 622.

Iivalve zesikhondo ezivavanywayo kufuneka ziwe phakathi koluhlu olwamkelweyo lwe-100 ppmv.Ngokufanelekileyo, i-API 624 inemijikelo ye-310 yoomatshini kunye nemijikelo emithathu ye-5000F ejikelezayo.Qaphela, iivalve phezu kwe-NPS 24 okanye ngaphezulu kweklasi ye-1500 ayiqukwanga kwi-API 624 yokuhlola ububanzi.

Uvavanyo aluphumelelanga ukuba ukuvuza kwesitywina sophawu kudlula i-100 ppmv.I-valve ye-stem ayivumelekanga ukulungelelanisa ukuvuza ngexesha lovavanyo.

API 641

Oku kubizwa ngenye indlela API 624 Quarter Turn Valve FE Test.Lo ngumgangatho omtsha ophuhliswe yi-API egquma iivalvu zosapho lwekota.Enye yeenqobo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kulo mgangatho luluhlu oluphezulu lwe-100 ppmv lokuvuza okuvumelekileyo.Enye into eqhubekayo yi-API 641 yi-610 yekota yokujikeleza.

Kwikota yokujika iivalve kunye nokupakishwa kwegraphite, kufuneka kudlule uvavanyo lwe-API 622 kuqala.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukupakishwa kubandakanyiwe kwimigangatho ye-API 622, oku kunokukhokelela kuvavanyo lwe-API 622.Umzekelo yisethi yokupakisha eyenziwe nge-PTFE.

Iivalvu zivavanywa kwipharamitha ephezulu: 600 psig.Ngenxa yomahluko kwiqondo lobushushu, kukho iiseti ezimbini zokulinganisa ezisetyenziselwa ubushushu bevalvu:
● Iivaluvu ezibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-5000F
● Iivalvu ezibekwe ngaphantsi kwe-5000F

API 622 vs API 624

Kusenokubakho ukubhideka phakathi kwe-API 622 kunye ne-API 624. Kweli candelo, qaphela umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini.
● Inani lemijikelo yoomatshini ebandakanyekayo
● I-API 622 KUPHELA ibandakanya ukupakishwa;kanti, i-API 624 ibandakanya ivalve KUBANDAKANYA nokupakisha
● Uluhlu lokuvuza okuvumelekileyo (500 ppmv ye-API 622 kunye ne-100 ppmv ye-624)
● Inani lohlengahlengiso oluvumelekileyo (enye ye-API 622 kwaye akukho nanye ye-API 624)

Indlela yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweMishini yokuBaleka

Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo zinokuthintelwa ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yokukhutshwa kweevalvu kokusingqongileyo.

#1 Guqula iiVave eziphelelwe lixesha

Iivalvu zihlala zitshintsha.Qinisekisa ukuba iivalvu zilandela imigangatho nemimiselo yamva nje.Ngokugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa, kulula ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi ekufuneka itshintshwe.

#2 Ufakelo olululo lweValve kunye nokuBeka iliso rhoqo

Ukufakwa ngokungafanelekanga kweevalvu kunokubangela ukuvuza nako.Ukuqesha amagcisa anezakhono eziphezulu ezinokufaka ngokuchanekileyo iivalvu.Ufakelo olululo lwevalvu lunakho ukubona inkqubo yokuvuza okunokwenzeka.Ngokujongwa rhoqo, iivalvu ezinokuvuza okanye ezinokuthi zivuleke ngempazamo zinokubonwa lula.

Kufuneka kubekho iimvavanyo zarhoqo zokuvuza ezilinganisa umthamo womphunga okhutshwe ziivalvu.Amashishini asebenzisa iivalvu aphuhlise iimvavanyo eziphambili zokubona ukukhutshwa kwevalvu:
● Indlela yama-21
Oku kusebenzisa i-ionization detector yomlilo ukujonga ukuvuza
● Umfanekiso weGesi oLungileyo (OGI)
Oku kusebenzisa ikhamera ye-infrared ukubona ukuvuza kwisityalo
● Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Oku kunokubona izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo ukude.

#3 Iinketho zoLondolozo loThintelo

Ukubeka iliso kulondolozo oluthintelwayo kunokuchonga imiba ngeevalvu kumanqanaba okuqala.Oku kunokunciphisa iindleko zokulungisa i-valve ephosakeleyo.

Kutheni kukho imfuneko yokuNcitshiswa kokuKhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo?

Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibalekayo zinegalelo elikhulu kubushushu behlabathi.Enyanisweni, kukho intshukumo esebenzayo enethemba lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.Kodwa emva kokuqatshelwa kwayo malunga nenkulungwane ukususela ekuqaphelisweni kwayo, amazinga ongcoliseko lomoya asephezulu .

Njengoko imfuno yamandla kwihlabathi liphela isanda, imfuno yokufuna ezinye izinto endaweni yamalahle kunye nefosili iye yanda.

Umthombo: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Imethane kunye ne-ethane zigqame njengezona ndlela zinokusetyenziswa endaweni yamafutha efosili namalahle.Yinyaniso ukuba kukho amandla amaninzi njengemithombo yamandla kwezi zimbini.Nangona kunjalo, imethane, ngokukodwa, inamathuba angama-30 aphezulu okufudumala kune-CO2.

Lo ngunobangela we-alam kubo bobabini abajongene nokusingqongileyo kunye namashishini asebenzisa lo mthombo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwevalve kunokwenzeka ngokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ephezulu kunye ne-API evunyiweyo ye-industrial valves.

Umthombo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1180.pdf

Isishwankathelo

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba iivalvu ngamacandelo abalulekileyo kulo naluphi na usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso.Nangona kunjalo, iivalve azenziwa njengenxalenye enye eqinileyo;kunoko, yenziwe ngamacandelo.Imilinganiselo yala macandelo isenokungalingane nge-100% enye kwenye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuzeni.Oku kuvuza kunokubangela ukwenzakala kokusingqongileyo.Ukuthintela ukuvuza okunjalo kuluxanduva olubalulekileyo kuye nawuphi na umsebenzisi wevalvu.